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The Records Continuum Model (RCM) was created in the 1990s by Monash University academic Frank Upward with input from colleagues Sue McKemmish and Livia Iacovino as a response to evolving discussions about the challenges of managing digital records and archives in the discipline of Archival Science 〔McKemmish, S., Upward, F. H., & Reed, B. (2010). Records Continuum Model. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Third Edition, 4447. http://doi.org/10.1081/E-ELIS3-120043719〕 The RCM was first published in Upward’s 1996 paper “Structuring Upward describes the RCM within the broad context of a continuum where activities and interactions transform documents into records, evidence and memory that are used for multiple purposes over time. Upward places the RCM within a post-custodial, postmodern and structuration conceptual framework.〔Upward, F. (1997). Structuring the records continuum (Series of two parts) Part 2: Structuration theory and recordkeeping. Archives and Manuscripts, 25(1), 10–35.〕 Australian academics and practitioners continue to explore, develop and extend the RCM and records continuum theory, along with international collaborators, via the Records Continuum Research Group (RCRG) at Monash University. https://recordscontinuum.info/ The RCM is an abstract conceptual model that helps to understand and explore recordkeeping activities (as interaction) in relation to multiple contexts over space and time (spacetime).〔McKemmish, S. (2001). Placing records continuum theory and practice. Archival Science, 1(4), 333–359. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02438901〕 Recordkeeping activities take place from before the records are created by identifying recordkeeping requirements in policies, systems, organizations, processes, laws, social mandates that impact on what is created and how it is managed over spacetime. In a continuum, recordkeeping processes, such as adding metadata, fix documents so that they can be managed as evidence. Those records deemed as having continuing value are retained and managed as an archive. The implication of an RCM approach to records and archives is that systems and processes can be designed and put in place before records are even created. A continuum approach therefore highlights that records are both current and archival at the point of creation.〔http://john.curtin.edu.au/society/australia/〕 The RCM is represented as a series of concentric rings (dimensions of ''Create'', ''Capture'', ''Organize'' and ''Pluralize'') and crossed axes (transactionality, evidentiality, recordkeeping and identity) with each axis labelled with a description of the activity or interaction that occurs at that intersection. ''Create'', ''Capture'', ''Organize'' and ''Pluralize'' represent recordkeeping activities that occur within spacetime. Activities that occur in these dimensions across the axes are explained in the table below:〔The information in the table is drawn from: Upward, F. (2005). The records continuum. In S. McKemmish, M. Piggott, B. Reed, & F. Upward (Eds.), Archives : Recordkeeping in Society (Vol. 24, pp. 197 – 222). Wagga Wagga, NSW: Centre for Information Studies. Also: McKemmish, S., Upward, F. H., & Reed, B. (2010). Records Continuum Model. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Third Edition, 4447. http://doi.org/10.1081/E-ELIS3-120043719〕 The value of the RCM is that it can help to map where on a continuum recordkeeping activities are or can be placed. The RCM can then be used to explore the conceptual and practical assumptions that underpin the practice, in particular the dualisms inherent in the usage and practice of the terms "records" and "archives."〔Upward, F. (1996). Structuring the records continuum (Series of two parts) Part 1: post custodial principles and properties. Archives and Manuscripts, 24(2), 268–285. https://www.zotero.org/groups/records_continuum_research_group_publications/items/itemKey/RRBMNBKU〕 This definition lends itself to a linear reading of the RCM – starting at ''Create'' as the initiating phase and working outwards towards ''Pluralization'' of recorded information. Another linear reading is to consider design first – the role that systems of ''Pluralization'' and ''Organization'' play in designing, planning and implementing recordkeeping and then considering the implications for ''Create'' and ''Capture''. However, these are just two of many ways to interpret the model as the dimensions and axes represent multiple realities that occur within spacetime, any of which can occur simultaneously, concurrently and sequentially in electronic or digital environments, and/or physical spaces.〔http://john.curtin.edu.au/society/australia/. Also: Reed, B. (2005). Reading the records continuum: interpretations and explorations. Archives and Manuscripts, 33(1), 18–43.〕 By representing multiple realities, the RCM articulates the numerous and diverse perspectives that contribute to records and archives including individual, group, community, organizational, institutional and societal. These contexts reveal the need to take into account various stakeholders and co-contributors in relation to use, access and appraisal of records and archives. Over the lifespan of a record multiple decisions are made by various stakeholders of the records that include, but are not limited to records managers and archivists. Other stakeholders can be identified at various dimensions of interaction, including those involved in providing information (not only the person or organization who produced or captured it), as well as their family and community. Records are therefore not simply physical or digital representations of physical objects held and managed in an archive or repository, but are evidence of multiple perspectives, narratives and contexts that contributed to their formation. The RCM is often described as being in contrast or at odds with the lifecycle records model.〔http://www2.archivists.org/glossary/terms/r/records-continuum See also: McKemmish, S. (1997). Yesterday, today and tomorrow: a continuum of responsibility. In Proceedings of the Records Management Association of Australia 14th National Convention, 15-17 Sept 1997, RMAA Perth 1997. (pp. 18–36). Perth, Australia: RMAA.〕 While the RCM is inclusive of multiple ways of conceptualizing and performing recordkeeping, including a lifecycle approach, there are some significant differences. Firstly, where the lifecycle approach shows clearly demarcated phases in the management of records, a continuum approach conceptualizes elements as continuous with no discernable parts.〔McKemmish, S. (1997). Yesterday, today and tomorrow: a continuum of responsibility. In Proceedings of the Records Management Association of Australia 14th National Convention, 15-17 Sept 1997, RMAA Perth 1997. (pp. 18–36). Perth, Australia: RMAA.〕 Secondly, the lifecycle approach identifies clear conceptual and procedural boundaries between active or current records and inactive or historical records, but a continuum approach sees records processes as more integrated across spacetime. In the continuum it is recordkeeping processes that carry records forward through spacetime to enable their use for multiple purposes. What this means is that records are always “in a state of always becoming...”,〔McKemmish, S. (2001). Placing records continuum theory and practice. Archival Science, 1(4), 333–359. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02438901〕 and able to contribute new contexts via the recordkeeping processes that occur with them. Archival records are therefore not just historical, but are able to be re-interpreted, re-created, and re-contextualized according to their place and use in spacetime. In this way, archival institutions are nodes in the network of recorded information and its contexts, rather than the end point in a lifecycle stage for records that are managed as “relics.”〔Acland, G. (1992). Managing the record rather than the relic. Archives & Manuscripts, 20(1), 57–63.〕 == Theory and influences == The RCM is a representation of what is commonly referred to as records continuum theory, as well as Australian continuum thinking and/or approaches.〔McKemmish, S. (2001). Placing records continuum theory and practice. Archival Science, 1(4), 333–359. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02438901〕 These ideas were evolved as part of an Australian approach to archival management espoused by Ian Maclean, Chief Archivist of the Commonwealth Archives Office in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s. Maclean, whose ideas and practices were the subject of the first RCRG publication in 1994,〔McKemmish, S., & Piggott, M. (1994). The records continuum: Ian Maclean and Australian Archives : first fifty years. Ancora Press.〕 referred in a 1959 American Archivist article to a “continuum of (public) records administration” from administrative efficiency through recordkeeping to the safe keeping of a “cultural end-product.”〔Maclean, I. Australian experience in records and archives management. Am. Arch. 1959, 22 (4), 383–418.〕 Maclean’s vision challenged the divide between current recordkeeping and archival practice. Fellow contemporary at the Commonwealth Archives Office Peter Scott is also included as a core influence on Australian records continuum theory with his development of the Australian Series System, a registry system that helped identify and document the complex and multiple “social, functional, provenancial, and documentary relationships” involved in managing records and recordkeeping processes over spacetime.〔McKemmish, S., Upward, F. H., & Reed, B. (2010). Records Continuum Model. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Third Edition, 4447. http://doi.org/10.1081/E-ELIS3-120043719〕 Further influences on the RCRG group include archival professionals and researchers like David Bearman and his work on transactionality and systems thinking, and Terry Cook’s ideas about postcustodialism and macroappraisal.〔Upward, F. (2000). Modelling the continuum as paradigm shift in recordkeeping and archiving processes, and beyond - a personal reflection. Records Management Journal, 10(3), 115–139. http://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000007259 https://www.zotero.org/groups/records_continuum_research_group_publications/items/itemKey/QJ9HH7BC/q/personal%20reflection〕 Wider influencing ideas include those from philosophers and social theorists Jacques Lacan, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Jean-François Lyotard, as well as sociologist Anthony Giddens, with structuration theory being a core component of understanding social interaction over spacetime.〔McKemmish, S., Upward, F. H., & Reed, B. (2010). Records Continuum Model. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Third Edition, 4447. http://doi.org/10.1081/E-ELIS3-120043719〕 Canadian archivist Jay Atherton’s critique of the division between records managers and archivists in the 1980s and use of the term “records continuum”〔Atherton, J. From life cycle to continuum: Some thoughts on the records management-archives relationship. Archivaria 1985–1986, 21, 43–51〕 re-commenced the conversation MacLean began during his career and helped to bring his ideas and this term to Australian records continuum thinking.〔Bwalya, K. J., Mnjama, N. M., & Sebina, P. M. I. M. (2014). Concepts and Advances in Information Knowledge Management: Studies from Developing and Emerging Economies. Chandos Publishing.〕 Atherton’s use of the term records continuum has several significant differences in conception, application and heritage when compared to Australian records continuum thinking.〔Upward, F. (1994). In Search of the Continuum: Ian Maclean’s “Australian Experience” Essays on Recordkeeping. In S. McKemmish & M. Piggott (Eds.), The Records Continuum: Ian Maclean and Australian Archives First Fifty Years (pp. 110–130). https://www.zotero.org/groups/records_continuum_research_group_publications/items/itemKey/5PX3PN3N/q/in%20search%20of%20the%20continuum See also McKemmish, S., Upward, F. H., & Reed, B. (2010). Records Continuum Model. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Third Edition, 4447. http://doi.org/10.1081/E-ELIS3-120043719〕 Post-custodiality as an archival concept plays a major role in how the RCM was conceived. This term was born from an identified and urgent need to address the complexities of computer technologies on records creation and management over time and space.〔Upward, F., & McKemmish, S. (1994). Somewhere beyond custody: literature review. Archives and Manuscripts, 22(1), 136–149. https://www.zotero.org/groups/records_continuum_research_group_publications/items/itemKey/RHKH3WD5/q/somewhere%20beyond〕 Post-custodiality is discussed by Frank Upward and Sue McKemmish in 1994 as part of an exploration of changes in archival discourse commencing in the 1980s by Gerald Ham and expanded on by Terry Cook as part of “a post-custodial paradigm shift.” 〔Upward, F., & McKemmish, S. (1994). Somewhere beyond custody: literature review. Archives and Manuscripts, 22(1), 136–149. https://www.zotero.org/groups/records_continuum_research_group_publications/items/itemKey/RHKH3WD5/q/somewhere%20beyond; Ham, F. G. (1981). Archival strategies for the post-custodial era. The American Archivist, 44(3), 207–216.; Cook, T. (1994). Electronic records, paper minds: the revolution in information management and archives in the post-custodial and post-modernist era. Archives and Manuscripts, 22(2), 300–328.〕 Post-custodiality in relation to the RCM is explored by Upward and McKemmish as an entry point into a wider conversation about records and recordkeeping being part of a process in which archival institutions have a part to play beyond that of the archival authority handling, appraisal, describing and arranging physical objects in their custody. Drawing from the above theoretical foundations, the RCM as a framework acknowledges the central role that recordkeeping activities have on the creation, capture, organization and ongoing management of records over time and throughout spaces such as organizations and institutional archives. Recordkeeping is a practice and a concept clearly defined in the archival and records literature by continuum writers as “a broad and inclusive concept of integrated recordkeeping and archiving processes for current, regulatory, and historical recordkeeping purposes.”〔p. 4448. McKemmish, S., Upward, F. H., & Reed, B. (2010). Records Continuum Model. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Third Edition, 4447. http://doi.org/10.1081/E-ELIS3-120043719〕 Recordkeeping refers to the activities performed on records that add new contexts such as capturing a record into a system, adding metadata, or selecting it for an archive. In the RCM records are therefore not defined according to their status as objects. Rather, records are understood as being part of a continuum of activity related to known (as well as potentially unknown) contexts. A record (as well as records, collections and archives) are therefore part of larger social, cultural, political, legal and archival processes. It is these contexts that are vital to understanding the role, value and evidential qualities of records in and across spacetime (past, present and potential future).〔Upward, F. (2005). The records continuum. In S. McKemmish, M. Piggott, B. Reed, & F. Upward (Eds.), Archives : Recordkeeping in Society (Vol. 24, pp. 197 – 222). Wagga Wagga, NSW: Centre for Information Studies.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Records Continuum Model」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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